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A late 18th century map of Asia published in London by John Bowles, with regions indicated by colour. Central Borneo is labelled ‘Part inhabited by the Biayos’, which is seen on many contemporary maps, often with the comment ‘a savage people’.

Maritime routes had to be adjusted in response to the changing monsoon seasons, as is seen on this late 18th century map of the Indian Ocean. Drawings of the heads of children blowing—called ‘wind-heads’—are used to indicate wind direction.

The arrows on this map mark the direction of the seasonal monsoons experienced in the South China Sea and Philippine Sea during the late 18th century. Each arrow has a label indicating the month.

Map of Asia based—according to the subtitle—on discoveries by the British Royal Navy captain James Cook. It includes Batavia (Jakarta) where he visited in 1770, and the South China Sea through which his ship Resolution sailed after his death in 1779.

Map of Asia based—according to the subtitle—on discoveries by the British Royal Navy captain James Cook. It includes Batavia (Jakarta) where he visited in 1770, and the South China Sea through which his ship Resolution sailed after his death in 1779.

Map of Asia divided into large colour-coded regions: the western half of mainland Southeast Asia is joined with India (‘Indien’), and coloured red; the eastern half is joined with China, all in yellow.

Map of Asia divided into large colour-coded regions: the western half of mainland Southeast Asia is joined with India (‘Indien’), and coloured red; the eastern half is joined with China, all in yellow.

This 18th century map of Southeast Asia by the French cartographer Gilles Robert de Vaugondy features the national borders of the Philippines in green, and of modern Indonesia in yellow. The Malay Peninsula and modern Cambodia and Vietnam are in red.

This 18th century map of Southeast Asia by the French cartographer Gilles Robert de Vaugondy features the national borders of the Philippines in green, and of modern Indonesia in yellow. The Malay Peninsula and modern Cambodia and Vietnam are in red.

This elaborately illustrated map of Asia is decorated with images of angels and cherubs, various figures dressed in colourful robes, wild animals, a procession including elephants and camels, and a double hemisphere world map.

This 18th century map of Southeast Asia by the French cartographer Gilles Robert de Vaugondy features the national borders of the Philippines in green, and of modern Indonesia in yellow. The Malay Peninsula and modern Cambodia and Vietnam are in red.

Map dedicated to William Cowper, whose coat of arms sits atop the cartouche. It features two horses holding a crest with three martlets (mythical birds used in heraldry). The cartouche also features Asian traders. Monsoons are marked on the map.