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Map of the Mambare River from Mount Victoria to the sea at Duvira (or Traitors) Bay, British New Guinea. Villages, bases, camps and stores are marked, and there are notes on terrain (‘Low Hills’), vegetation (‘Betal Palms’), river width, rapids etc.

Map of part of the east coast of the Gulf of Papua, with river mouths, shoals, bathymetry (water depth). On land, notes on terrain (‘Hills 100 to 150 ft. high’), land (‘Good soil’), vegetation (‘Nipa and Sago Palms’) and people (‘Ipikoi Tribe’).

Map of part of the west coast of the Gulf of Papua, with islands, river mouths, shoals, bathymetry (water depth), notes to aid navigation. On land, notes on terrain (‘Limestone Hill’), vegetation (‘Pandanus & Nipa Palms’) and people (‘Paia Tribe’).

Map of British New Guinea with notes on the terrain (‘Low country’), vegetation (‘Mangrove, Nipa and Fan Palms’), crops (‘Small plantations Sugar cane & Taro’), coastal features (‘Coral and Sand flats) and people (‘Friendly tribe’, ‘Dariamo Tribe’).

Map of an expedition along two rivers on the southern coast of British New Guinea, with notes of terrain (‘Undulating country’), vegetation (‘Coconut Palms’) and wildlife (‘Flying Foxes’). More details have been added by hand (‘Ridge about 10ft.’).

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

Designed to aid navigation around the western Java Sea, this map features bathymetry (sea depth), current and tide data, and is marked with shoals, reefs and other hazards. Written notes add details at specific locations (e.g. ‘heavy tide rips’).

This late 19th century map of Southeast Asia shows the best maritime routes around the region, according to the time of year. There are also inset maps highlighting the rivers and southern islands of Singapore, and the sea depth around Labuan Island.

Map of the Penang Strait, including written instructions on how to navigate the strait. On land, areas of cultivation are marked, with a table listing acreage used for each crop. A boundary with Siam based on an 1831 treaty is also shown.

This late 19th century map of Southeast Asia shows the best maritime routes around the region, according to the time of year. There is also an inset map highlighting the rivers and southern islands of Singapore.

An early 19th century map of Singapore’s southern coast and islands, with bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and reefs, anchor points, and notes to aid navigation. The roads and main buildings of Singapore city are also shown.