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A map of a small island chain off the west coast of the island of Gilolo (modern Halmahera in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia). The military forts and ships were used by the European colonial powers during conflicts over the area’s spice trade.

Map of the Indian Ocean dominated by a rhumbline network—a web of interconnected lines used to help plot routes—with a compass rose at the centre. At the top there are (incomplete) drawings of people with text in Dutch, French, English and Spanish.

A map of Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Bathymetry (sea depth) is marked, including on an inset map of Batavia harbour. Illustrations include Batavia Castle, and a lion—representing Belgium—receiving tribute and enslaving locals.

A map of west Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Details include sea depth, an inset map of Batavia harbour, and an illustration of a lion—representing Belgium—receiving tribute and enslaving locals. A similar map of east Java was made.

A map of eastern Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Bathymetry (sea depth) is marked, and there is a painting of Batavia harbour and castle. A similar map depicting western Java was also produced, as were maps featuring both parts.

A map of west Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Details include sea depth, an inset map of Batavia harbour, and an illustration of a lion—representing Belgium—receiving tribute and enslaving locals. A similar map of east Java was made.

A map of eastern Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Bathymetry (sea depth) is marked, and there is a painting of Batavia harbour and castle. A similar map depicting western Java was also produced, as were maps featuring both parts.

A map of Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Bathymetry (sea depth) is marked, including on an inset map of Batavia harbour. Illustrations include Batavia Castle, and a lion—representing Belgium—receiving tribute and enslaving locals.

The cartouche on this early 18th century navigation map features the title in Latin and Dutch, as well as a wealth of detailed drawings illustrating the region’s trade: Asian merchants, their goods and animals, and two female European customers.

A map of Java with mountains, jungles, animals and crops. Bathymetry (sea depth) is marked, including on an inset map of Batavia harbour. Illustrations include Batavia Castle, and a lion—representing Belgium—receiving tribute and enslaving locals.

A map of the Java Sea between Java, Sumatra and Borneo. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, used to aid navigation. The cartouche and scale are decorated with paintings of Asian people and mythical creatures including cherubs.

The outline of the island of New Guinea is very vague on this early 17th century map of Southeast Asia. The cartouche is decorated with two figures of Asian warriors: one holds a spear, the other a sword. There are also drawings of mermaids.