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A map charting the effects of the 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption: a red circle where the eruption was heard; black lines showing the hourly spread of the resulting waves; and a list of ships on which ash fell, or that encountered pumice (with date).

Chart of the Indian Ocean, showing climate and weather-related data, including around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia where trade routes are marked, along with monsoon and typhoon regions, and currents during the different monsoon seasons.

Maritime routes had to be adjusted in response to the changing monsoon seasons, as is seen on this late 18th century map of the Indian Ocean. Drawings of the heads of children blowing—called ‘wind-heads’—are used to indicate wind direction.

Navigation map of the coast of the ancient kingdom of Pégou and near the town of Martaban (Mottama), Myanmar. Bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, notes on currents and obstructions are marked, and there are drawings of side views of coastal hills.

Navigation map of the coast of the ancient kingdom of Pégou and near the town of Martaban (Mottama), Myanmar. Bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, notes on currents and obstructions are marked, and there are drawings of side views of coastal hills.