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Map of the Kai Islands, in the Banda Sea, designed for navigation: it features bathymetry (sea depth), tide data (arrows), reefs and shoals. Obstructions in the water are marked ‘kr’ (coral), ‘m’ (mud), ‘s’ (shells), ‘st’ (stones), and ‘z’ (sand).

Navigation map of the mouths of the Koealoe (Kualu) and Panei (Barumun and Bila) rivers on the east coast of Sumatra. Large sand and mud banks, bathymetry (sea depth), bouys and currents are marked. On land, tall trees are shown to use as landmarks.

Map of part of the west coast of the Gulf of Papua, with islands, river mouths, shoals, bathymetry (water depth), notes to aid navigation. On land, notes on terrain (‘Limestone Hill’), vegetation (‘Pandanus & Nipa Palms’) and people (‘Paia Tribe’).

Map of British New Guinea with notes on the terrain (‘Low country’), vegetation (‘Mangrove, Nipa and Fan Palms’), crops (‘Small plantations Sugar cane & Taro’), coastal features (‘Coral and Sand flats) and people (‘Friendly tribe’, ‘Dariamo Tribe’).

Three maps on one sheet of the Fly River in British New Guinea, from the mouth to where it meets the Palmer River. Bathymetry (water depth) and sandbanks are marked at the mouth and landmarks—hills, vegetation, villages—are noted along the length.

Navigation map of the mouth of the Padang Tikar River, on the west coast of Borneo, featuring bathymetric (water depth) routes. Obstructions are marked with letters: ‘m’ (mud), ‘z’ (sand). Trees, hills and fishermen’s houses are shown as landmarks.

Navigation map of the mouth of the Padang Tikar River, on the west coast of Borneo, featuring bathymetric (water depth) routes. Obstructions are marked with letters: ‘m’ (mud), ‘z’ (sand). Trees, hills and fishermen’s houses are shown as landmarks.

Produced by the British Admiralty’s Hydrographic Office, this map includes various navigational aids, such as maritime routes, bathymetry (sea depth), tide and current data, and elevations (side views of hills and mountains to use as landmarks).

Designed to aid navigation around the western Java Sea, this map features bathymetry (sea depth), current and tide data, and is marked with shoals, reefs and other hazards. Written notes add details at specific locations (e.g. ‘heavy tide rips’).

An early 19th century map of Singapore’s southern coast and islands, with bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and reefs, anchor points, and notes to aid navigation. The roads and main buildings of Singapore city are also shown.