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On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of the island of Soembawa (Sumbawa) featuring an inset map of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, and an elevation showing heights of mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Coloured borders are used to highlight internal administrative regions. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Coloured borders are used to highlight internal administrative regions. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—are used to show the mountains of Sumatra’s west coast, and of the Padang Highlands and Lowlands. Text lists the heights of some of the region’s chief mountains.

Coloured borders are used to highlight the colonial territories of the British (red), Dutch (orange), Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) on this mid-19th century map of Southeast Asia. An inset map shows the island and strait of Singapore.

Two maps of the Dutch East Indies: one of the whole region, and one of Java alone. Both are divided into administrative regions—e.g. Java is divided into regencies—with coloured borders.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Two maps of the Dutch East Indies: one of the whole region, and one of Java alone. Both are divided into administrative regions—e.g. Java is divided into regencies—with coloured borders.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

On the main map, the volcanic regions of Southeast Asia are labelled, active and extinct volcanos are marked, and the 1815 eruption of Tumbora (Mount Tambora on Sumbawa) is highlighted. Even more details are shown on an inset map of Southeast Asia.