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A late 19th century map depicting a route from Hanoi to That-Khe via Lang-Son (in northern Vietnam, near the border with China at Kouang-Si (Guangxi)). Two inset maps feature plans of military forts, villages, rivers and fields along the route.

This 18th century map of Southeast Asia by the French cartographer Gilles Robert de Vaugondy features the national borders of the Philippines in green, and of modern Indonesia in yellow. The Malay Peninsula and modern Cambodia and Vietnam are in red.