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Map of the Minahasa and East peninsulas of Celebes (Sulawesi) focusing on the road system (shown by red lines). There are four inset maps, including one showing indigenous tribal areas, and a list of places with their latitude, longitude and height.

A map of Southeast Asia coloured to indicate the five different language families spoken in the region in the late 19th century. Names of indigenous tribes/languages are marked in red text, with European colonial possessions in grey.

Map of the Minahasa Peninsula, Celebes (Sulawesi) divided into administrative regions, and spread over four sheets. A table lists significant places, with their latitude, longitude and height above sea level.

A map of a route taken by the Dutch Christian missionary Johannes Albert Traugott Schwarz. Over four days, accompanied by Anton de Lange, he walked from Popo (Poopo) south through the Minahasa Peninsula. The map also shows an earlier aborted route.

On this map of Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. On Borneo, the names of indigenous peoples are listed (‘Dayak’s, Papua’s, Bugi’s’).

On this map of Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. On Borneo, the names of indigenous peoples are listed (‘Dayak’s, Papua’s, Bugi’s’).

This detailed map of the Dutch East Indies in the mid-19th century contains a great deal of information: topographical details, settlements and administrative areas, roads, railways and maritime routes, telegraph lines, inset maps etc.

A mid-19th century map of Celebes (Sulawesi) and the Lesser Sunda Islands, divided into colour-coded administrative districts.

Map of Asia on four sheets, with Southeast Asia on sheet four. British colonial territory—British Burma, the Straits Settlements, Sarawak—is highlighted in red, with the Dutch East Indies, Spanish Philippines and Portuguese East Timor also shown.

Map of the South Peninsula of Celebes (Sulawesi). The Spermonde Archipelago in the Makassar Strait is very detailed with islands, shoals, reefs and bathymetry. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.