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Dotted lines on this late 17th century map demarcate regions and kingdoms (which also have a crown symbol). The cartouche is shaped like a giant shell supported by mermen, with cherubs holding up shells and pearls on top.

Map showing the kingdoms, states and nations of Asia. They are listed—along with major cities and rivers—in an extensive key. Each location has a two letter code that identifies its location on the map (uppercase is longitude; lowercase is latitude).

Map showing the kingdoms, states and nations of Asia. They are listed—along with major cities and rivers—in an extensive key. Each location has a two letter code that identifies its location on the map (uppercase is longitude; lowercase is latitude).

The letters ‘E’ or ‘D’ are marked after place names to indicate if they are English or Dutch colonial possessions: e.g. ‘Marleborough Fort E’ on Sumatra or ‘Concordia Fort D’ on Timor. The Philippines are labelled ‘to Spain’.

The letters ‘E’ or ‘D’ are marked after place names to indicate if they are English or Dutch colonial possessions: e.g. ‘Marleborough Fort E’ on Sumatra or ‘Concordia Fort D’ on Timor. The Philippines are labelled ‘to Spain’.

The letters ‘E’ or ‘D’ are marked after place names to indicate if they are English or Dutch colonial possessions: e.g. ‘Marleborough Fort E’ on Sumatra or ‘Concordia Fort D’ on Timor. The Philippines are labelled ‘to Spain’.

On this map of Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: e.g. at this time, Benkulen (Bencoolen) on the west coast of Sumatra is British, and Malacca is Dutch.

On this map of Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: e.g. at this time, Benkulen (Bencoolen) on the west coast of Sumatra is British, and Malacca is Dutch.

This map of Asia, from an atlas by the German cartographer Karl von Spruner, is colour-coded to show the possessions of the Indian Maratha Empire, and of the European colonial powers at the end of the 18th century.

The colonial possessions of Britain (in red, though faded on this map), the Netherlands (green, but discoloured to blue) and Spain (the Philippines, brown) are shown on this map, with independent areas such as Borneo and the Maluku Islands in yellow.

Map of Dutch colonial territory in Southeast Asia, including the administrative areas of Java and Madura. Two maritime routes are marked from Batavia to the Maluku Islands: of the brig ‘Douga’ in 1825, and by Baron Godert van der Capellen in 1824.

Map of Dutch colonial territory in Southeast Asia, including the administrative areas of Java and Madura. Two maritime routes are marked from Batavia to the Maluku Islands: of the brig ‘Douga’ in 1825, and by Baron Godert van der Capellen in 1824.