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Map of the Burmese city of Mandalay on the Irrawaddy River. The city has a grid of roads and buildings, dominated by Fort Dufferin (formerly Mandalay Palace). The surrounding country has villages, crops, agricultural ponds and irrigation channels.

Map of the Malay state of Johor, and Singapore. The route of a proposed railway north from Johor Bahru is shown. Apart from rivers and mountains, much of the terrain is blank, with labels such as ‘Unexplored Hill Country’ or ‘Dense Jungle and Swamp’.

Plan of Singapore town, including Tanjong Pagar docks, the central civic/business area around the Singapore River, and residential areas. A roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—is labelled ‘The Roads’.

Plan of Singapore harbour, with wharfs and buildings. A roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—is labelled ‘Singapore Road’. Islands, shoals and reefs are marked, as are roads and buildings in the city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

A late 19th century map of the town of Malacca and its surrounding area, including jungles, forests, mountains, rivers, roads, villages, tapioca estates and factories, and police stations. There is even a leper hospital on an island off the coast.

Map of the Penang Strait, including written instructions on how to navigate the strait. On land, areas of cultivation are marked, with a table listing acreage used for each crop. A boundary with Siam based on an 1831 treaty is also shown.