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A mid-19th century map of the important port of Batavia (Jakarta), with its pier, commercial centre and residential streets. However, the city is also surrounded by villages (kampongs), fields and plantations. An inset map shows Batavia Castle.

Mid-19th century map of the city of Samarang (Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia) dominated by the Fort Prins van Oranje. The railway station and Haven Kanal, which flows to the sea, are also prominent. The city is surrounded by villages and fields.

The residency of Banjoemaas (Banyumas), Central Java, featuring plantations (bamboo, teakwood, coconut, coffee, cinnamon) and rice; routes (road, postal), administrative borders; mountains, rivers, wetlands, forests.

The residency of Bagelen, Central Java, is shown divided into regencies and districts. Coffee, tea and cinnamon plantations, fields of rice, alang-alang and other crops, mountains, rivers, hot and mineral springs, settlements and routes are marked.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Samarang (Semarang, Java), with post offices and routes, a saw mill and a sugar factory marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Japara (Jepara, Java). A cochineal factory—where the dye carmine is made from insects—is shown. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Cheribon (Cirebon, Java), including an elevation showing the heights of the area’s mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Tagal (Tegal, Java) including an elevation showing heights of mountains, including Mount Slamat. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Djocjakarta (Yogyakarta, Java), with its capital city of the same name at the centre. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Probolinggo, Java, with an elevation showing the heights of the Tengger mountain range. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of Java divided into administrative areas (‘residencies’ and ‘regencies’). Mountains are represented by hachures, short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain. Postal routes and roads are also marked.

Map of Java divided into administrative areas (‘residencies’ and ‘regencies’). Mountains are represented by hachures, short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain. Postal routes and roads are also marked.