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Mid-19th century map of the city of Samarang (Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia) dominated by the Fort Prins van Oranje. The railway station and Haven Kanal, which flows to the sea, are also prominent. The city is surrounded by villages and fields.

Map of Java divided into Dutch administrative areas (‘residencies’), with roads and paths in red. An inset map shows the route used to send mail from Europe to the East Indies.

Map of Java divided into Dutch administrative areas (‘residencies’), with roads and paths in red. An inset map shows the route used to send mail from Europe to the East Indies.

The residency of Banjoemaas (Banyumas), Central Java, featuring plantations (bamboo, teakwood, coconut, coffee, cinnamon) and rice; routes (road, postal), administrative borders; mountains, rivers, wetlands, forests.

The residency of Bagelen, Central Java, is shown divided into regencies and districts. Coffee, tea and cinnamon plantations, fields of rice, alang-alang and other crops, mountains, rivers, hot and mineral springs, settlements and routes are marked.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Soerakarta (Surakarta, Java). Inset map of Surakarta city, with a military fort and two palaces. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Madioen (Madiun, Java). A sugar factory, cinnamon shed, and indigo plant mill are marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

A map of the residency of Madioen (Madiun), East Java, divided into regencies and districts. Mountains, rivers and roads are marked, along with postal routes and post offices, sugar factories, cinnamon sheds (‘kaneelloodsen’) and indigo plant mills.

The residency of Soerakarta in Central Java is shown divided into regencies (yellow borders) and districts (blue borders). There is an inset plan of the capital city, Soerakarta (modern Surakarta), and mountains and land routes are marked.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Samarang (Semarang, Java), with post offices and routes, a saw mill and a sugar factory marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Samarang (Semarang, Java) with ruined temples, a sugar factory, tobacco warehouse and rice mill. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Japara (Jepara, Java). A cochineal factory—where the dye carmine is made from insects—is shown. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)