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Created by the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War, this reconnaissance map of a small area south of Manila features Spanish (red) and American (blue) trenches, as well as roads, buildings and ground conditions (firm ground, swamps, bamboo).

This map of the island of Billiton (Belitung, Indonesia) features mountains, rivers, railways, roads, settlements, coconut plantations and administrative borders. An inset map shows the island’s port and capital city Tanjung Pandan.

A late 19th century map depicting a route from Hanoi to That-Khe via Lang-Son (in northern Vietnam, near the border with China at Kouang-Si (Guangxi)). Two inset maps feature plans of military forts, villages, rivers and fields along the route.

A hand drawn map showing mountains, rivers, roads and settlements in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula belonging to Siam (Thailand). This map was copied from one made by the Siamese government in 1870.

This geological map of the district of Toboali (Bangka Island, east of Sumatra) uses colours to depict types of rocks, soils and minerals. Tin mining areas are also highlighted.

Produced in Spain, this mid-19th century map details the islands of Visayas, Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines archipelago. Bathymetry (sea depth) is marked around the islands and on four detailed inset maps of ports in the region.

Regional and local borders are colour-coded, with mountains and rivers, settlements, paths/roads and names of local peoples marked. Notes such as ‘Gold dust found in these streams’ and ‘Rich in Tin’ add detail. Only two of four sheets are available.

A map to aid in the navigation of the rivers leading to Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). Details include bathymetry (water depth), currents, and a side view (or ‘elevation’) of hills to use as a landmark. Tides are described in written remarks.

The London-based cartographer Herman Moll (1654?–1732) created this map of Asia in the early 18th century. There are five insets showing Asian trading cities, including of the ports of Batavia (Jakarta) and Bantam (Banten) in western Java.

Map of the Siamese city of Ayutthaya (‘Iudiad’) represented pictorially, surrounded by rivers and with a grid-like layout of roads, rivers and buildings. The city existed from 1350 until 1767 when it was destroyed by an invading Burmese force.