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The colonial territories of British North Borneo are shown in pink on this late 19th century map, with Brunei and Sarawak in green, and Dutch colonial territory in yellow. Sea routes around the British Empire are depicted on an inset map.

The colonial territories of British North Borneo are shown in pink on this late 19th century map, with Brunei and Sarawak in green, and Dutch colonial territory in yellow. Sea routes around the British Empire are depicted on an inset map.

Map marking the border (in orange) agreed between British and Dutch territory on Borneo in 1891. Alternative borders are shown: according to the Dutch (blue), according to the British North Borneo Society (yellow) and proposed by the British (green).

Map marking the border (in orange) agreed between British and Dutch territory on Borneo in 1891. Alternative borders are shown: according to the Dutch (blue), according to the British North Borneo Society (yellow) and proposed by the British (green).

Map showing the results of an 1884 agreement between the Netherlands and Britain to exchange parts of their colonial territories in New Guinea: the red area was ceded by the Netherlands to Britain; green was ceded by Britain to the Netherlands.

Map of the Riouw (Riau) Residency, Sumatra. The border between Riau and the island’s west coast is marked in red ‘as far as it is known [voor zoo verre die... bekend is]’, ending abruptly in the unexplored mountains near Lake Toba, northern Sumatra.

The Dutch East Indies are bordered in red on this mid-19th century map. A maritime postal route from China to Europe, via Singapore and Penang, is shown. Another maritime route, from Batavia to Singapore, is also marked.

Based on surveys by Sir Stamford Raffles, this German map of Sumatra focuses on the navigation of coasts and straits, with bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, shoals and reefs marked, including on inset maps of Singapore and the Bangka Strait.

Based on surveys by Sir Stamford Raffles, this German map of Sumatra focuses on the navigation of coasts and straits, with bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, shoals and reefs marked, including on inset maps of Singapore and the Bangka Strait.

Based on surveys by Sir Stamford Raffles, this German map of Sumatra focuses on the navigation of coasts and straits, with bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, shoals and reefs marked, including on inset maps of Singapore and the Bangka Strait.