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This map shows the empires and kingdoms of Asia. Its decorative cartouche features a drawing of a censer (incense burner) standing on a plinth, surrounded by patterned curtains and carpet. Magellan’s discovery of the Philippines is noted on the map.

This map shows the empires and kingdoms of Asia. Its decorative cartouche features a drawing of a censer (incense burner) standing on a plinth, surrounded by patterned curtains and carpet. Magellan’s discovery of the Philippines is noted on the map.

Map of the regions, empires and states of Asia. Extensive notes cover religion (people of mainland Southeast Asia are idolaters), colonialism (Dutch and Portuguese rule in Malacca and the Sunda Islands) and the spice trade of the Maluku Islands.

Map of the regions, empires and states of Asia. Extensive notes cover religion (people of mainland Southeast Asia are idolaters), colonialism (Dutch and Portuguese rule in Malacca and the Sunda Islands) and the spice trade of the Maluku Islands.

Labels on this mid-18th century map of Southeast Asia describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo.

Labels on this mid-18th century map of Southeast Asia describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo.

Labels on this mid-18th century map of Southeast Asia describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo.

Labels on this map describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo. Top half of map is missing.

Labels on this mid-18th century map of Southeast Asia describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo.

Labels on this mid-18th century map of Southeast Asia describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo.

Labels on this map describe various local peoples as ‘sauvage [savage]’, including the ‘Ke-Moy’ of the mountains along the border of Cochinchine (Vietnam) and Camboja (Cambodia), and the ‘Biayos’ of central Borneo. Top half of map is missing.

This 18th century map of Southeast Asia by the French cartographer Gilles Robert de Vaugondy features the national borders of the Philippines in green, and of modern Indonesia in yellow. The Malay Peninsula and modern Cambodia and Vietnam are in red.