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Map of the Malay state of Johor, and Singapore. The route of a proposed railway north from Johor Bahru is shown. Apart from rivers and mountains, much of the terrain is blank, with labels such as ‘Unexplored Hill Country’ or ‘Dense Jungle and Swamp’.

Southeast Asia is on sheet four of this map. British colonial territory—British Burma, the Straits Settlements, Sarawak, British North Borneo—is highlighted in red, with the Dutch East Indies, Spanish Philippines and Portuguese East Timor also shown.

This map of Asia is from ‘Stieler’s Schul-Atlas’, a version of ‘Stielers Handatlas’ that was used widely in German schools in the 19th century.

This map of Asia is from ‘Stieler’s Schul-Atlas’, a version of ‘Stielers Handatlas’ that was used widely in German schools in the 19th century.

A nautical chart of the Indian Ocean showing bathymetry (sea depth), including in great detail around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia.

Produced by the Intelligence Branch of the British War Office, this map shows Dutch colonial territories in maritime Southeast Asia, and their political and military divisions in Java and Madura. British and Spanish territories are also marked.

This 1883 map shows European colonial territories in Southeast Asia. An inset map details the proposed French annexation of Tonquin, Annam and Cochin China (modern Vietnam). International telegraph lines are also marked.

Map of East Asia, with British colonial possessions—Burma, Straits Settlements, Labuan and British North Borneo—highlighted with red borders. There is also an inset map of the Red River (Hong River) running through Hanoi, Vietnam.

Crops are marked on this map of Asia: Sumatra and Java have sugar, coffee, tea; the Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku Islands have cinnamon, nutmeg and clove; mainland Southeast Asia has sugar and cotton. Arrows on the sea indicate currents.

Crops are marked on this map of Asia: Sumatra and Java have sugar, coffee, tea; the Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku Islands have cinnamon, nutmeg and clove; mainland Southeast Asia has sugar and cotton. Arrows on the sea indicate currents.

A series of four maps of the Indian Ocean—one for each quarter of the calendar year—showing the direction and intensity of the winds, including around the seas of Southeast Asia. There are extensive explanatory notes.

This late 19th century map of Southeast Asia shows the best maritime routes around the region, according to the time of year. There are also inset maps highlighting the rivers and southern islands of Singapore, and the sea depth around Labuan Island.