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Map highlighting areas of eastern Siam (Thailand) claimed by France. Notes describe Siam’s geography, government, population, military and trade (rice, teak, pepper, bullocks, fish, hides, tin, cardamom, tin), including trading partners by tonnage.

Topographical map of mainland Southeast Asia. Mountains are represented by hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—and settlements, roads and rivers are marked.

Map of the Malay Peninsula divided into States, with names of local peoples marked (e.g. ‘Inhabited by Sakai & Semang’). Lighthouses are shown around the coast—including Horsburgh Lighthouse and Raffles Lighthouse—with their visible distance.

Map of the Malay Peninsula divided into States, with names of local peoples marked (e.g. ‘Inhabited by Sakai & Semang’). Lighthouses are shown around the coast—including Horsburgh Lighthouse and Raffles Lighthouse—with their visible distance.

Southeast Asia is on sheet four of this map. British colonial territory—British Burma, the Straits Settlements, Sarawak, British North Borneo—is highlighted in red, with the Dutch East Indies, Spanish Philippines and Portuguese East Timor also shown.

This map of Asia is from ‘Stieler’s Schul-Atlas’, a version of ‘Stielers Handatlas’ that was used widely in German schools in the 19th century.

This map of Asia is from ‘Stieler’s Schul-Atlas’, a version of ‘Stielers Handatlas’ that was used widely in German schools in the 19th century.

A nautical chart of the Indian Ocean showing bathymetry (sea depth), including in great detail around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia.

Map of the Kingdom of Siam, featuring mountains, rivers and villages, and surrounded by a yellow border (the border with Upper Burma and China in the north is undefined). The southern part of Siam is shown on an inset map of the Malay Peninsula.

British Burma is shown on the right of this two-sheet map of India. The green areas had come under British rule after the first and second Anglo-Burmese wars, with Upper Burma (light brown) being incorporated after the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885).

Map of the Malay Peninsula showing three British colonial territories: British Burmah, British Malaya (Perak, Selangore, Pahang, Johore) and the Straits Settlements (Pinang/Wellesley, Dindings, Malacca (Singapore not shown)).

A late 19th century map showing the languages and dialects spoken in and around India, including regions of Siam, Burma and Malaya. The regions are colour-coded by language and bordered by red lines to indicate different dialects.