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A nautical chart of the Indian Ocean showing bathymetry (sea depth), including in great detail around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia.

From a Dutch geographical society journal, this map of the west coast of Atjeh (Aceh), Sumatra, shows shoals, reefs, bathymetry (sea depth) and anchor points. On land, there are mountains (with heights), rivers, pepper plantations and rice fields.

The coloured areas on this map indicate the coastal regions that flooded after the 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption. Krakatoa is shown in the centre of the Sunda Strait, between Sumatra and Java.

An Atlas produced by an expedition in central Sumatra, including: maps of topography, geology, a number of rivers in the region; drawings of mountains, graphs of lengths of roads; family trees of the royal families of Djambi (Jambi) and Palembang.

Hand-drawn map of the roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—at Analaboe (Meulaboh) on the west coast of northern Sumatra. Bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and reefs, and an anchor point are marked.

This late 19th century map of Southeast Asia shows the best maritime routes around the region, according to the time of year. There are also inset maps highlighting the rivers and southern islands of Singapore, and the sea depth around Labuan Island.

A map of the coast of Atjeh (Aceh), Sumatra, with bathymetry (sea depth), tide information, coconut trees, nipa palm, sugarcane, and two forts. An inset map of the town of Atjeh (Banda Aceh) shows the river, palace, market and villages (‘kampong’).

Designed to aid navigation around the western Java Sea, this map features bathymetry (sea depth), current and tide data, and is marked with shoals, reefs and other hazards. Written notes add details at specific locations (e.g. ‘heavy tide rips’).

To aid navigation, this map shows small islands, shoals and reefs, maritime routes for use during monsoons or at particular times of the year, bathymetry (sea depth), tide information, shipwrecks, compass roses and landmark mountains at the coasts.

Map of part of the Dutch colonial administrative region (assistant residency) of Benkoelen (Bengkulu, Sumatra), with an inset map of the Mentawai Islands. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of part of the Dutch colonial administrative region (assistant residency) of Benkoelen (Bengkulu, Sumatra). Inset map of Nias Island and the Batu Islands. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the eastern half of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Palembang, Sumatra. A fort is marked in the town of Batoeradja. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)