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The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch military posts, and some villages are described as ‘verbrande [burnt]’.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

Map of Lepong (Leupung) in Aceh, northern Sumatra, surrounded by paddy fields and mountains. There are handwritten corrections and additions in red ink, and an inset map of the mouth of the Kroeng Lepong river showing it four years earlier in 1879.

Hand-drawn map of the design of a drinking water pipeline for the city of Cheribon (Cirebon) on the northern coast of Java. Roads, rivers, rice paddies and other fields are shown. The written notes include the city’s population figures by ethnicity.

Map of Groot-Atjeh (Aceh, Sumatra) divided into administrative districts. Mountains, forests, villages, railways, roads and rivers are marked. There are inset maps of Poeloe Bras (Breueh Island), and showing distances between larger settlements.

Map of the district of Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), based around the Fleuve Soirap (Soài Rạp River) as it winds its way down to the South China Sea. The city of Saigon is on its banks, surrounded by more rivers, roads, fields and villages.

Plan of Singapore harbour, with wharfs and buildings. A roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—is labelled ‘Singapore Road’. Islands, shoals and reefs are marked, as are roads and buildings in the city.

Topographic map of the island of Bawean in the Java Sea, with terrain shown by contour lines, and mountains labelled with their heights. Villages, forests (heavy, light, teakwood) and crops (coconut, coffee, alang-alang, rice, bamboo) are marked.

A map of government land around the town of Montrado, Borneo, a gold mining centre in the 19th century, as shown by the number of gold mines (‘goudmijn’) marked. There are also crops—coconut, alang-alang, bamboo—and agricultural and fish ponds.