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Plan of Singapore harbour, with wharfs and buildings. A roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—is labelled ‘Singapore Road’. Islands, shoals and reefs are marked, as are roads and buildings in the city.

Map of the city of Hué (Huế) on the Perfume River, east coast of Vietnam. There are forts, villages and rice fields along the river. In the city, there is the royal palace within walls and a moat, French military barracks and other colonial areas.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch military posts, and some villages are described as ‘verbrande [burnt]’.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

A late 19th century map depicting a route from Hanoi to That-Khe via Lang-Son (in northern Vietnam, near the border with China at Kouang-Si (Guangxi)). Two inset maps feature plans of military forts, villages, rivers and fields along the route.

A mid-19th century map of the city of Soerabaija (Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia) showing its recently built defences, including the ‘Citadel Prins Hendrik’ fort and a walled moat. Outside the city are villages, plantations and fields.

A mid-19th century map of the important port of Batavia (Jakarta), with its pier, commercial centre and residential streets. However, the city is also surrounded by villages (kampongs), fields and plantations. An inset map shows Batavia Castle.

Mid-19th century map of the city of Samarang (Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia) dominated by the Fort Prins van Oranje. The railway station and Haven Kanal, which flows to the sea, are also prominent. The city is surrounded by villages and fields.

This map of the city of Soerabaia (modern Surabaya, East Java) shows the Mas and Pegirian rivers flowing through the city. The military fort and city streets are surrounded by wetlands, fields, plantations and villages. A 1931 reprint of an 1866 map.