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The border of the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) and its internal administrative districts are highlighted in yellow. Inset maps show the cities of Bangkok, Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) and Luang Pra Bang (Luang Prabang) in more detail.

Map of the Burmese city of Mandalay on the Irrawaddy River. The city has a grid of roads and buildings, dominated by Fort Dufferin (formerly Mandalay Palace). The surrounding country has villages, crops, agricultural ponds and irrigation channels.

The route between Saigon and Rangoon taken by the German ethnologist Adolf Bastian is marked on this map of mainland Southeast Asia. There are two inset maps of cites: Mandalay, Amarapura and Ava in Burma; and Bangkok in Siam (including 14 temples).

A mid-19th century map of the important port of Batavia (Jakarta), with its pier, commercial centre and residential streets. However, the city is also surrounded by villages (kampongs), fields and plantations. An inset map shows Batavia Castle.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Soerakarta (Surakarta, Java). Inset map of Surakarta city, with a military fort and two palaces. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

The residency of Soerakarta in Central Java is shown divided into regencies (yellow borders) and districts (blue borders). There is an inset plan of the capital city, Soerakarta (modern Surakarta), and mountains and land routes are marked.

Map of the rivers, roads and canals of Judia (city of Ayutthaya). The legend includes a palace, elephant enclosures, Archbishop’s church and palace. Outside are residential areas for people from Portugal, Japan, Pegu, Malaya, China and Cochinchina.

Map of the rivers, roads and canals of Judia (city of Ayutthaya). The legend includes a palace, elephant enclosures, Archbishop’s church and palace. Outside are residential areas for people from Portugal, Japan, Pegu, Malaya, China and Cochinchina.

Map of the Siamese city of Ayutthaya (‘Judia’) represented pictorially, surrounded by rivers and with a grid-like layout of roads, rivers and buildings. The city existed from 1350 until 1767 when it was destroyed by an invading Burmese force.

Map of the Siamese city of Ayutthaya (‘Judia’) represented pictorially, surrounded by rivers and with a grid-like layout of roads, rivers and buildings. The city existed from 1350 until 1767 when it was destroyed by an invading Burmese force.

Map of the Siamese city of Ayutthaya (‘Iudiad’) represented pictorially, surrounded by rivers and with a grid-like layout of roads, rivers and buildings. The city existed from 1350 until 1767 when it was destroyed by an invading Burmese force.