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Early map by Sebastian Münster, based on the work of 2nd century geographer Ptolemy, featuring strange deformed monsters, including headless men with faces on their torsos, a man with a dog’s head, and a mythical race of cannibals (‘Anthropophagi’).

Taken from Benedetto Bordone's ‘Isolario [The Book of Islands]’, these pages contain two maps: one of Sumatra (‘Iaua Minore’), and one of a group of five unknown islands (Locaz is thought to possibly be Thailand).

This mid-16th century map of Southeast Asia shows some inaccuracies, especially in the shape of the Malay Peninsula and the islands meant to represent Sumatra (labelled ‘Camatra’), Java (‘Iava Mazor’) and Borneo (‘Iava Menor’). Latin text on reverse.

Mid-16th century map by Girolamo Ruscelli, based on the work of 2nd century geographer Ptolemy. It is difficult to pinpoint exact locations, but the Malay Peninsula is recognisable. Italian text on the reverse describes the region.

This early map of Sumatra (labelled ‘Taprobana’) features many illustrations. In the sea, there are ships, fish and sea monsters, while on land, plantations, agricultural workers, a shepherd and wooden buildings highlight the economy of the island.

South is orientated towards the top of this map, with maritime Southeast Asia in the upper half and the mainland below. Top right is Java (‘Iava Magiore [Java Major]’); Borneo is labelled ‘Iava Menore [Java Minor]’. Ships and sea monsters are at sea.

Mid-16th century map by Girolamo Ruscelli, based on the work of 2nd century geographer Ptolemy. It is difficult to pinpoint exact locations, but the Malay Peninsula is recognisable. Italian text on the reverse describes the region.

A red banner at the right features text that notes that the ‘Insule Molucce’ (Maluku Islands) are famous for their abundance of spices, which are sold across the world. There are also Illustrations of mermaids and sea monsters wrecking a ship.

This map depicts Asia in the form of the mythical winged horse Pegasus, with mainland Southeast Asia being represented by the left hind leg. It is from the German theologian Heinrich Bünting's book of woodcut maps ‘Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae’.

This early map of Sumatra—referred to in the accompanying French text as ‘Isle de la Taprobane’—is covered with illustrations of people working on the land, and with elephants and camels. Villages, mountains, rivers and wild animals are also shown.

This early German map of Asia is colour-coded by region, and features a brief description of Asia in blackletter German text. Interestingly, the Southeast Asian island of Sumatra is labelled 'Taprobana' which is the name the Greeks called Sri Lanka.

This late 16th century map by Abraham Ortelius features a network of mythical lakes that were once thought to exist in China, and which feed several rivers that flow south through mainland Southeast Asia.